Electromagnetic transient simulation of EV fast charging on distribution networks: comparative evaluation with PV integration

The rapid proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) fast-charging infrastructure presents critical challenges to distribution network stability and power quality, particularly in regions pursuing low-carbon mobility transitions. Existing studies have predominantly emphasized steady-state load impacts, with limited attention to the detailed electromagnetic transient (EMT) behavior arising from large-scale fast-charging deployment and its interaction with distributed photovoltaic (PV) resources. This paper presents a real-feeder, harmonically calibrated, controller-explicit EMT modelling workflow on an operational 11 kV/400 V distribution feeder, incorporating a 70 kW DC (battery-side) fast-charging system with a Shepherd-based lithium-ion battery model, grid-tied voltage source converters, and the Suria 16 floating PV array. Two like-for-like scenarios are evaluated: EV-only charging and combined EV–PV operation. In the EV-only case, energization produces short start-up dynamics and a deliberate third-harmonic component (~16%) from the converter PWM; because it is zero-sequence, it cancels in line–line quantities so PCC voltage distortion remains ≲0.1%, while low-order current harmonic ridges peak at ≈0.20–0.25%. Under EV–PV operation, the battery charging set-point remains 70 kW, while the grid-side interface draws ≈80.6 kW, with the ≈10.6 kW difference attributed to conversion/interfacing losses under the hybrid operating point. This study demonstrates how controller dynamics, converter-spectrum superposition, and feeder impedance shape transient and harmonic signatures on a real network, providing a transferable EMT framework for scenario-based planning and transient system studies.

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