Nutraceutical, antioxidative properties and toxicity of liberica coffee bean and pulp extracts in Malaysia

The high demand for coffee beverages worldwide owing to its potential source of natural antioxidants are mainly from Arabica, Robusta and Liberica species where Liberica is a minor species with 1% cultivation. Though, due to climatic conditions in Malaysia, Liberica coffee dominates 73% of the coffee production followed by Robusta (27%) and is potentially grown for commercialization. However, the great production of Liberica coffee causes around 15 million tons of the skin and pulp become residues and leading to environmental pollution. Due to the scarcity of information and inadequate research focusing on the potential antioxidant properties and toxicity of coffee bean and pulp from Liberica sp., the present study was embarked. The present study aimed to investigate the nutritional values of coffee bean and pulp, bioactive compound characterization and antioxidant capacity of Liberica sp. In addition, this study wasintended to investigate the acute toxicity profile of coffee bean and pulp extracts using zebrafish embryos as a model organism. The proximate composition of coffee bean and pulp was determined, while their antioxidative capacity was evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and radical scavenging activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Five parameters were examined for acute toxicity assessment which were mortality rate, lethal concentration (LC50), heartbeat rate, morphological and hatching rate. Coffee bean shows the highest value of crude protein (11.96%) and crude fibre (11.83%), with the lowest value of ash (3.42%) and fat (4.28%), while the moisture content (68.81%) and ash (7.31%) were the highest in pulp. Additionally, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) analysis of coffee bean and pulp extracts found emmotin A and deoxymiroestrol were the major phytochemical compounds, followed by scopolin (6.46%) in bean and quinic acid (4.39%) in pulp. Interestingly, coffee bean extract possesses a higher value of antioxidant capacity than pulp extracts with TPC of 78.02 mg GAE/g, TFC of 62.48 mg QAE/g, DPPH inhibition of 84.96%, and FRAP value of 351.5 mg Fe/g. the great antioxidant profile of coffee bean was believed to be attributed to their major phytochemical compounds, which are responsible for relieving oxidative stress. However, the toxicity effects were discovered to be dose-dependent at higher concentration of coffee bean and pulp extracts (12.5-100 µg/ml) demonstrating toxicity effects on mortality rate, LC50, hatching rate, heartbeat rate and morphological changes of zebrafish embryos. This study reveals the bioactive compounds in Liberica coffee bean and pulp provide health benefits but are toxic to zebrafish embryos at high concentrations. These findings suggest that environmental pollution could be reduced as Liberica coffee by-products could be valuable for animal feed, organic fertilizer, and topical products highlighting the need for moderate consumption to avoid toxicity and safe for consumption.

Text 125086 - Full Text.pdf Download (2MB) Official URL or Download Paper: http://ethesis.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/18805

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