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Spatial Analysis of Flood-Prone Areas in Padang Terap, Kedah: Integrating Spatial Autocorrelation and Optimized Hotspot Analysis


Citation

Ahmad, Azizul and Said, Mohd Zulhafiz and Gapor, Salfarina Abdul and Jamru, Lindah Roziani and Jubit, Norita and Najib, Sumayyah Aimi Mohd and Masron, Tarmiji and Ariffin, Nur Afiqah and Zakaria, Yaniza Shaira (2026) Spatial Analysis of Flood-Prone Areas in Padang Terap, Kedah: Integrating Spatial Autocorrelation and Optimized Hotspot Analysis. Forum Geografi, 40 (1). pp. 19-43. ISSN 0852-0682; eISSN: 2460-3945

Abstract

Flooding increasingly threatens socio-economic resilience in Malaysia, particularly in vulnerable districts such as Padang Terap, Kedah. Using a GIS-based framework integrating Spatial Autocorrelation (Moran’s I) and Optimized Hotspot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*), this study quantifies spatial clustering of flood-prone areas across four inundation levels (0.3 m–3.7 m). Results reveal intensifying positive spatial autocorrelation with rising flood depths, reflecting hydrological connectivity and topographic controls. Hotspots are consistently concentrated in Belimbing Kanan, Belimbing Kiri, and Padang Temak, emphasizing severe spatial heterogeneity in flood risk distribution. These findings demonstrate that flood hazards are not randomly dispersed but spatially structured, necessitating geographically targeted risk mitigation strategies. Incorporating hotspot insights into planning can optimize resource allocation, strengthen adaptive capacity, and inform flood-resilient urban development. This research advocates for integrating fine-scale spatial analyses into national disaster frameworks to enhance Malaysia’s climate resilience agenda. Future work should embed socio-economic vulnerability metrics and spatiotemporal models to refine flood risk governance and promote equitable, anticipatory disaster management.


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Additional Metadata

Item Type: Article
Subject: Geography, Planning and Development
Subject: Environmental Science (miscellaneous)
Divisions: Faculty of Human Ecology
DOI Number: https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.10133
Publisher: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Keywords: Flood prone area; Optimized hotspot analysis; Padang terap; Spatial analysis; Spatial autocorrelation
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, SDG 13: Climate Action, SDG 1: No Poverty
Depositing User: Ms. Siti Radziah Mohamed@mahmod
Date Deposited: 28 Apr 2026 01:21
Last Modified: 28 Apr 2026 01:21
Altmetrics: http://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=psasir.upm.edu.my&doi=10.23917/forgeo.10133
URI: http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/124962
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