Novel ternary deep eutectic solvent with tunable physicochemical properties for green and ultrasensitive dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction analysis of Bisphenol B in food matrices

Bisphenol B (BPB), an endocrine-disrupting compound related to bisphenol A, requires highly sensitive detection in food samples. In this study, a novel ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride, 4-chlorophenol, and PEG200 (1:2.5:1 molar ratio) was used for dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) prior to UPLC–DAD analysis. FTIR analysis confirmed DES formation through hydrogen-bonding features, including a shift of the O–H stretching band to 3306 cm⁻¹ , indicating that 4-chlorophenol acts as a hydrogen bond donor while PEG200 contributes to the three-dimensional network. The optimized DES showed excellent properties, including thermal stability up to 175 °C, suitable density (1278 kg m⁻³) enabling rapid phase separation (<30 s), and amphiphilic character (contact angle 52.98°), supporting aqueous dispersion and selective BPB extraction via π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding. Under optimized conditions, the method achieved strong performance with an LOD of 0.3 µg L⁻¹ , LOQ of 1.0 µg L⁻¹ , and good linearity (R² > 0.9984, 1–50 µg L⁻¹). Validation in food matrices (canned tomato puree, lychee, and pineapple) showed high recoveries (93.2–118.5%) and excellent precision (RSD ≤ 1.71%) using a dilute-and-shoot approach. AGREE and ComplexGAPI evaluations confirmed high environmental sustainability, establishing this green method for routine BPB food safety monitoring.

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