1H-NMR-based metabolomics, biological activities and characterisation of volatile compounds in lyophilised coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water from different coconut cultivars

The lyophilisation process helps to eliminate water, while retaining the bioactive compounds, and keeping coconut water (CW) in a more suitable form for commercialisation purposes. However, little is known about the difference between the biological and chemical profiles in the lyophilised form of CW. Moreover, the variances across key Malaysian cultivars make it difficult to find high-value bioactive compounds. Lack of comparable chemical and functional data hinders the development of lyophilised coconut water (LCW) as a standardised, commercially viable nutraceutical and functional food ingredient. Thus, this research aimed to characterise metabolite differences and volatile compounds in the LCW from four popular coconut cultivars in Malaysia. The metabolites were detected using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) combined with multivariate data analysis (MVDA) to correlate with their functional properties. The findings indicated that Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD) exhibited the highest levels of radical scavenging activities and in vitro anti-aging properties. The partial least squares (PLS) biplot revealed the presence of potent metabolites in MYD, such as epicatechin, valine, methionine, ascorbic acid, glycine, and catechin, which showed the highest correlation with the antioxidant and anti-aging activities. The characterisation results using HS-SPME-GC-MS showed that the volatile compounds in the LCW were grouped into esters, alkanes, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, isocyanate, carboxylic acids, and phenols. To summarise, it can be inferred that LCW from the MYD cultivar has the potential to serve as a valuable natural ergogenic ingredient, with free radical scavenging and in vitro anti-aging properties, which holds promise for future advancements in the preparation of health product ingredients.

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