Structural sleeve reinforcement upon pgfrp composite cross-arm members for transmission tower application: a comprehensive review on hierarchical development, potential incorporation and future scope

Cross-arm members, which are the main structural component of transmission towers, are made of pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer (PGFRP) composite material. Initially, cross-arms were made of wooden material. However, due to natural wood defects and increased yielding due to rapid ageing phenomenon, PGFRP composites were adopted owing to their higher strength, durability, longer service life, stronger resistance to environmental deterioration, lesser weight and lower maintenance costs. However, many performance problems with the current cross-arm structure have lately been found due to combined effects of the critical regions of the cross-arm subjected to long-term static load under real-time dynamic conditions that could lead to a complete failure and, thus, a reduced service life. The addition of sleeve structures to the cross-arms would be a workable way to improve the PGFRP composite and address these issues while also extending the service life of the current cross-arms. Because of their increased load bearing capacity, higher flexural performance, improved load distribution ability, effective energy absorption capacity, and increased stiffness, sleeved cross-arms perform better in structural applications. Although there hasn't been much earlier research on how to improve PGFRP composite cross-arms by using sleeves, there has been research on their incorporation to improve related structural components including beams, rebars, and tubes. In order to address the existing problems with PGFRP composite cross-arms, this review paper provides a thorough assessment of prior solutions that have been proposed, the development of cross-arms, and the mechanical effectiveness of sleeve constructions.

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