Chronoamperometric optimisation of bimetallic nickel-cobalt phosphate electrodes for dual-function electrochromic supercapacitors

This study reports the optimisation of a hybrid nickel-cobalt phosphate (NCPCA) electrode via chronoamperometry for electrochromic energy storage applications. Design Expert 12.0 was employed to optimise the synthesis parameters, such as potential and deposition time, to enhance the specific capacitance (Cs). The model demonstrated predictive accuracy with a residual standard error of <4 %. Structural characterisation confirmed the uniform incorporation of nickel, cobalt, and phosphate species, which ensured the integrity of the electrode. Electrochemical analysis revealed an optimised Cs of 658.9 F/g (329.5 mAh/g) and a colouration efficiency of 33.64 cm2/C, attributed to the synergistic effects of bimetallic nickel-cobalt oxides enhancing conductivity and active site density, coupled with the phosphate-induced high surface area. The asymmetric NCPCA//activated carbon device exhibited a Cs of 163 F/g, energy density of 10.75 Wh/kg, and power density of 749 W/kg, retaining 88 % of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles. These findings highlight the potential of rationally engineered NCPCA electrodes for high-performance electrochromic energy storage systems, thereby offering significant advances in sustainable energy technologies.

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