Enhancement in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates and the potential for diseases detection

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly sensitive characterization technique that can extract single-molecular information from an analyte, even at low concentrations. Furthermore, SERS also exhibits significant advantages in clinical analysis, as evidenced by numerous studies on monitoring deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins for disease detection. This paper reviews the fabrication aspects of SERS substrates, encompassing the use of various materials and design structures. Various SERS assays, such as SERS tag and label-free, are also elaborated. Moreover, the integration of biorecognition elements such as proteins and DNA to enhance the specificity of SERS analysis is also discussed. The paper also highlights the current progress of SERS-based technique for nucleic acid and protein detection, with applications in early diagnosis of viral, bacterial, and cancer diseases. Finally, future perspectives and adaptation to current trends, such as point-of-care (POC), miniaturization, the internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and lab-on-a-chip (LOC), are presented.

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