Effect of ruthenium on hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol to cyclohexane over nickel phyllosilicate catalyst synthesized by modified deposition–precipitation method

The selective hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of guaiacol to cyclohexane is a key reaction for upgrading guaiacol, a phenolic compound derived from lignin, for fuel production from abundant and renewable biomass sources. However, the role of noble metal promoters in nickel-based catalysts has been less extensively studied. In this work, we have applied the principles of green chemistry by modifying the deposition-precipitation method to obtain highly dispersed nickel phyllosilicate (Ni-PS) as a catalyst support. A small amount of Ru was then impregnated onto the Ni-PS to form nanosized Ru crystallites. The resulting Ru/Ni-PS-500 catalyst boasted a high surface area of 184 m2 g−1, enhancing the availability of active sites and facilitated mass transfer during the guaiacol HDO process, which led to a high yield of cyclohexane. Further investigation into the impact of reduction temperature on the Ru-promoted catalyst revealed that the optimized Ru/Ni-PS-500 exhibited outstanding performance in the HDO of guaiacol. Under optimized reaction conditions (300 °C, 3 MPa H2 pressure, and 3 h), the Ru/Ni-PS-500 catalyst achieved >99.9 % guaiacol conversion and a cyclohexane yield of 81.9 %. To access the physicochemical properties and gain insights into the fundamentals behind the catalytic activity of Ru/Ni-PS-500, various characterization techniques were employed. Additionally, a detailed reaction pathway for the conversion of guaiacol to cyclohexane was proposed.

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