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Eco-engineered activated carbon for microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea (Camellia sinensis): profiling, experimental design, and analytical performance


Citation

Zabi, Nur Zabirah and Wan Ibrahim, Wan Nazihah and Mohmad Tahiruddin, Nordiana Suhada and Zainal Abidin, Nurul Auni and Kamaruzaman, Sazlinda and Yahaya, Noorfatimah and Chandren, Sheela and Mat Hadzir, Nursyamsyila (2025) Eco-engineered activated carbon for microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea (Camellia sinensis): profiling, experimental design, and analytical performance. Microchemical Journal, 216. art. no. 114659. ISSN 0026-265X; eISSN:1095-9149

Abstract

This research investigates the development of circular economy green sorbents from agricultural waste for efficient sample pretreatment, with a focus on activated carbon derived from empty fruit bunch fibres. The activated carbon was carbonised, encapsulated in alginate, and applied in dispersive solid-phase microextraction for the determination of four PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene) in tea samples using HPLC–UV. The optimised Alg-EFB-AC beads/D-μ-SPE method demonstrated good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9909), low detection limits (11–47 μg/L), and high relative recoveries (83 %–112 %). The innovative alginate encapsulation prevented self-agglomeration, enhancing sorption capacity. These findings highlight the potential of this sustainable sorbent for broader applications, including food safety monitoring.


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Additional Metadata

Item Type: Article
Divisions: Faculty of Science
DOI Number: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2025.114659
Publisher: Elsevier
Keywords: Activated carbon; Alginate; Empty fruit bunch; Microextraction; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Tea
Depositing User: MS. HADIZAH NORDIN
Date Deposited: 17 Apr 2026 08:42
Last Modified: 17 Apr 2026 08:42
Altmetrics: http://www.altmetric.com/details.php?domain=psasir.upm.edu.my&doi=10.1016/j.microc.2025.114659
URI: http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120663
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